The self-government provisions of the Nisga'a Final Agreement (ratified 2000) are constitutionally valid because Indigenous nations have an inherent right of self-government that is protected by section 35(1) of the Constitution Act, 1982. To exercise the decision-making authority over Aboriginal title lands accepted by the Supreme Court in Delgamuukw v. British Columbia (1997), Indigenous nations require political structures that are governmental in nature. In House of Sga'nisim v. Canada, [2012] 2 CNLR 82 (BCSC), Justice Smith followed this aspect of Campbell out of comity (respectful acceptance) but decided nonetheless that the governance provisions of the Nisga'a Final Agreement, the validity of which was challenged in these cases, could also be upheld as delegated authority. Justice Smith's decision was upheld on appeal on the latter basis, without addressing the inherent right issue: Sga'nism Sim'augit (Chief Mountain) v. Canada (2013), leave to appeal refused, [2013] SCCA No. 144. See also Dickson v. Vuntut Gwitchin First Nation (2021).