In the only case so far where the Supreme Court has dealt directly with the inherent right of self-government, claims by two Anishinaabe First Nations in Ontario to such a right in relation to gambling on their reserves were rejected. The Court assumed, without deciding, that section 35(1) of the Constitution Act, 1982 includes self-government claims, but held that these claims have to meet the Van der Peet test and be in relation to the specific activity over which the right of self-government is asserted. On the evidence, the accused failed to prove that high-stakes gambling had been integral to the distinctive culture of the Anishinaabe at the time of contact with Europeans.